Conceção de um protótipo de helióstato
Data
2026
Autores
Título da revista
ISSN da revista
Título do volume
Editora
IPCB. EST
Resumo
Este projeto consistiu no desenvolvimento de um sistema de seguimento solar do tipo helióstato, realizado por Daniel Alexandre Silva Moreira sob a orientação do Professor Luís P. C. Neto, como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Engenharia das Energias Renováveis na Escola Superior de Tecnologia do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco. O objetivo principal foi conceber e construir um protótipo funcional capaz de orientar de forma automática um espelho, de modo a refletir continuamente a radiação solar incidente para um alvo fixo. Para tal, o sistema calcula a posição do Sol recorrendo a equações astronómicas (considerando parâmetros como a declinação solar, a equação do tempo, o ângulo horário, a altura solar e o azimute solar) e aplica a Lei da Reflexão para determinar o vetor normal do espelho. A estrutura mecânica de dois eixos (rotação horizontal Este-Oeste e inclinação vertical) foi inspirada nos sistemas de câmaras de segurança PTZ. Face a limitações técnicas e ferramentas em falta para o fabrico da estrutura inicialmente planeada em alumínio, optou-se pela reutilização de peças de um tambor de impressora (veios de aço, rolamentos de baixo atrito, rodas dentadas e suportes metálicos), assegurando um funcionamento robusto e sem folgas. A componente eletrónica é coordenada pelo microcontrolador Arduino Uno. O movimento é acionado por dois motores de passo bipolares JOY-IT NEMA17-04 controlados por drivers DRV8825 com configuração de microstepping a 1/16, o que garante uma precisão angular de 0,1125º. O protótipo integra ainda:
– Um módulo RTC para a data e hora em tempo real;
– Um módulo GPS Velleman WPI 430 para recolher as coordenadas de latitude e longitude;
– Sensores fim-de-curso (microswitches) para a calibração inicial e determinação da posição de referência (homing);
– Um display LCD 20x4 para monitorização das variáveis;
– Um buzzer para emitir um sinal acústico a cada atualização de dados;
– Uma fonte ATX de computador com condensadores eletrolíticos de 100μF adicionados para mitigar ruídos e oscilações elétricas induzidas pelos motores. O algoritmo foi desenvolvido em C++ no Arduino IDE. Este recalcula e ajusta a posição do espelho a cada 30 segundos. Por motivos de segurança mecânica, se a altura solar for igual ou inferior a 15º, o movimento é bloqueado e o sistema executa automaticamente a rotina de homing.Os testes e validação global ocorreram na Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Castelo Branco. Ensaios progressivos confirmaram a consistência dos cálculos matemáticos. No teste global de 7 de julho de 2026, às 11:13:39 (com elevação solar de 55,58º e azimute de -70,47º), os motores posicionaram fisicamente o espelho na elevação de 32,34º e azimute de -24,13º, iluminando com sucesso um alvo fixo posicionado exatamente a Sul. As principais dificuldades prenderam-se com a precisão dos furos na estrutura mecânica, o corte do espelho e o alinhamento manual com o eixo Norte-Sul magnético na instalação. Como melhorias futuras, o autor propõe a integração de uma bússola eletrónica, comunicação sem fios para monitorização remota e controlo manual por joystick.
Abstract: This project involved the development of a heliostat-type solar tracking system, carried out by Daniel Alexandre Silva Moreira under the supervision of Professor Luís P. C. Neto, as a requirement for the award of a bachelor’s degree in Renewable Energy Engineering at the School of Technology of the Castelo Branco Polytechnic Institute. The main objective was to design and build a functional prototype capable of automatically orienting a mirror to continuously reflect incident solar radiation onto a fixed target. To this end, the system calculates the position of the Sun using astronomical equations (considering parameters such as solar declination, the equation of time, the hour angle, solar altitude and solar azimuth) and applies the Law of Reflection to determine the normal vector of the mirror. The two-axis mechanical structure (horizontal east-west rotation and vertical tilt) was inspired by PTZ security camera systems. Given technical limitations and a lack of tools required to manufacture the initially planned aluminium structure, it was decided to reuse parts from a printer drum (steel shafts, low-friction bearings, gear wheels and metal brackets), ensuring robust, play-free operation. The electronics are controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller. Movement is driven by two JOY-IT NEMA17-04 bipolar stepper motors controlled by DRV8825 drivers configured for 1/16 microstepping, which ensures an angular accuracy of 0.1125°. The prototype also incorporates: – An RTC module for real-time date and time; – A Velleman WPI 430 GPS module to collect latitude and longitude coordinates; – Limit switches (microswitches) for initial calibration and determining the reference position (homing); – A 20x4 LCD display for monitoring variables; – A buzzer to emit an audible signal with each data update; – An ATX computer power supply with 100μF electrolytic capacitors added to mitigate noise and electrical oscillations induced by the motors. The algorithm was developed in C++ using the Arduino IDE. It recalculates and adjusts the mirror’s position every 30 seconds. For mechanical safety reasons, if the solar elevation angle is 15° or less, movement is blocked and the system automatically performs the homing routine. The electronic component is controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The movement is driven by two JOY-IT NEMA17-04 bipolar stepper motors controlled by DRV8825 drivers set to a 1/16 microstepping configuration. Testing and overall validation took place at the Castelo Branco School of Technology. Progressive tests confirmed the consistency of the mathematical calculations. In the comprehensive test on 7 July 2026, at 11:13:39 (with a solar elevation of 55.58° and an azimuth of –70.47°), the motors physically positioned the mirror at an elevation of 32.34° and an azimuth of –24.13°, successfully illuminating a fixed target positioned exactly due south. The main difficulties related to the precision of the holes in the mechanical structure, the cutting of the mirror and the manual alignment with the magnetic north-south axis during installation. As future improvements, the author proposes the integration of an electronic compass, wireless communication for remote monitoring and manual control via a joystick.
Abstract: This project involved the development of a heliostat-type solar tracking system, carried out by Daniel Alexandre Silva Moreira under the supervision of Professor Luís P. C. Neto, as a requirement for the award of a bachelor’s degree in Renewable Energy Engineering at the School of Technology of the Castelo Branco Polytechnic Institute. The main objective was to design and build a functional prototype capable of automatically orienting a mirror to continuously reflect incident solar radiation onto a fixed target. To this end, the system calculates the position of the Sun using astronomical equations (considering parameters such as solar declination, the equation of time, the hour angle, solar altitude and solar azimuth) and applies the Law of Reflection to determine the normal vector of the mirror. The two-axis mechanical structure (horizontal east-west rotation and vertical tilt) was inspired by PTZ security camera systems. Given technical limitations and a lack of tools required to manufacture the initially planned aluminium structure, it was decided to reuse parts from a printer drum (steel shafts, low-friction bearings, gear wheels and metal brackets), ensuring robust, play-free operation. The electronics are controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller. Movement is driven by two JOY-IT NEMA17-04 bipolar stepper motors controlled by DRV8825 drivers configured for 1/16 microstepping, which ensures an angular accuracy of 0.1125°. The prototype also incorporates: – An RTC module for real-time date and time; – A Velleman WPI 430 GPS module to collect latitude and longitude coordinates; – Limit switches (microswitches) for initial calibration and determining the reference position (homing); – A 20x4 LCD display for monitoring variables; – A buzzer to emit an audible signal with each data update; – An ATX computer power supply with 100μF electrolytic capacitors added to mitigate noise and electrical oscillations induced by the motors. The algorithm was developed in C++ using the Arduino IDE. It recalculates and adjusts the mirror’s position every 30 seconds. For mechanical safety reasons, if the solar elevation angle is 15° or less, movement is blocked and the system automatically performs the homing routine. The electronic component is controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The movement is driven by two JOY-IT NEMA17-04 bipolar stepper motors controlled by DRV8825 drivers set to a 1/16 microstepping configuration. Testing and overall validation took place at the Castelo Branco School of Technology. Progressive tests confirmed the consistency of the mathematical calculations. In the comprehensive test on 7 July 2026, at 11:13:39 (with a solar elevation of 55.58° and an azimuth of –70.47°), the motors physically positioned the mirror at an elevation of 32.34° and an azimuth of –24.13°, successfully illuminating a fixed target positioned exactly due south. The main difficulties related to the precision of the holes in the mechanical structure, the cutting of the mirror and the manual alignment with the magnetic north-south axis during installation. As future improvements, the author proposes the integration of an electronic compass, wireless communication for remote monitoring and manual control via a joystick.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Helióstato, Seguimento solar, Arduino uno, Motores de passo, Equações astronómicas, Heliostat, Solar tracking, Stepper motors, Astronomical equations
Citação
MOREIRA, Daniel Alexandre Silva (2026) - Conceção de um protótipo de helióstato. Castelo Branco: IPCB. EST. 85 p. Relatório do Trabalho de Fim de Curso de Engenharia das Energias Renováveis