Rastreio da doença vascular carotídea na prevenção de AIT/AVC isquémico
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Data
2026
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IPCB. ESALD
Resumo
O acidente vascular cerebral constitui umas das principais causas de mortalidade e incapacidade a nível mundial, sendo frequentemente precedido pelo desenvolvimento silencioso de alterações ateroscleróticas carotídeas. A acumulação de fatores de risco cardiovasculares desempenha um papel determinante na progressão da doença vascular. Paralelamente, a literacia em saúde assume particular relevância na prevenção e reconhecimento precoce do AVC, influenciando diretamente o acesso atempado ao tratamento e o prognóstico funcional.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de alterações ateroscleróticas carotídeas através da ultrassonografia Doppler, analisando a sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e antropométricas, bem como analisar a relação entre envelhecimento biológico, fatores de risco cardiovasculares e dano vascular. Pretende ainda caracterizar o nível de literacia em saúde relativamente ao AVC.
O protocolo inclui a aplicação de um questionário sociodemográfico, clínico e de literacia em saúde, seguido da realização da realização de EcoDoppler carotídeo para avaliação da espessura da camada íntima-média, presença de placas de ateroma e grau de estenose carotídea. Os dados foram analisados recorrendo aos testes de Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney e Qui-quadrado de Pearson, considerando-se significância estatística para p≤0,05 através dos programas Microsoft Office Excel e Statistical Product and Service Solution.
Realizou-se um estudo com 84 participantes, maioritariamente do sexo feminino (63,1%), distribuídos por diferentes grupos etários, com predominância de indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 80 anos. A hipertensão arterial foi o fator de risco cardiovascular mais prevalente (47,1%), seguida da hipercolesterolemia (42,4%) e da diabetes mellitus (27,1%). A avaliação ultrassonográfica revelou espessamento da camada íntima-média em 58,3% dos participantes e presença de placas de ateroma em 32,1%. Observou-se uma associação significativa entre o envelhecimento e o aumento da prevalência de hipertensão arterial (p=0,003), diabetes mellitus (p=0,009), acumulação de fatores de risco (p=0,030), antecedentes pessoais de AVC (p=0,009) e agravamento das alterações carotídeas estruturais. Verificou-se igualmente uma associação consistente entre a acumulação de fatores de risco e a presença de alterações ateroscleróticas carotídeas. No domínio da literacia em saúde, apesar do elevado reconhecimento do número de emergência 112 (95,3%) e da hipertensão arterial como fator de risco (94%), identificaram-se lacunas relevantes no reconhecimento da diabetes mellitus (62,4%) e dificuldades no diagnóstico diferencial entre acidente vascular cerebral e enfarte agudo do miocárdio. Os participantes com 80 ou mais anos apresentaram simultaneamente maior carga vascular e menores níveis de literacia em saúde.
A presente investigação permitiu concluir que o envelhecimento e a acumulação de fatores de risco cardiovasculares estão intrinsecamente associados a um agravamento progressivo da doença aterosclerótica carotídea e a variações significativas no perfil de literacia em saúde sobre o AVC, sendo estas relações influenciadas pela idade, pelo índice de massa corporal e pela carga de comorbilidades dos indivíduos. A hipertensão arterial destacou-se como o principal fator de risco modificável associado à doença cerebrovascular. A coexistência de elevada carga vascular e menores níveis de literacia nos grupos mais envelhecidos reforça a necessidade de estratégias integradas de prevenção, rastreio vascular precoce e programas de educação para a saúde dirigidas às populações mais vulneráveis.
Abstract : Stroke remains one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide and is frequently preceded by the silent development of carotid atherosclerotic disease. The accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors plays a determinant role in the progression of vascular disease. Simultaneously, health literacy assumes particular relevance in stroke prevention and early recognition, as it directly influences timely access to treatment and functional outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of carotid atherosclerotic changes through Doppler ultrasonography, to analyze their association with sociodemographic and anthropometric variables, to examine the relationship between biological ageing, cardiovascular risk factors, and vascular damage. It also sought to characterize the level of stroke-related health literacy. The study protocol included the application of a sociodemographic, clinical and health literacy questionnaire, followed by carotid Doppler ultrassound to assess intima-media thickness, the presence of atherosclerotic plaques, and the degree of carotid stenosis. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Pearson´s Ci-square tests, with statistical significance established at p≤0,05, through Microsoft Office Excel and Statistical Product and Service Solution. A total of 84 participants were included, predominantly female (63,1%), distributed across different age groups, with a predominance of individuals aged 80 years or older. Arterial hypertension was the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor (47,1%), followed by hypercholesterolemia (42,4%) and diabetes mellitus (27,1%). Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed increased intima-media thickness in 58,3% of participants and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in 32,1%. A significant association was observed between aging and the increased prevalence of hypertension (p=0,003), diabetes mellitus (p=0,009), risk factor accumulation (p=0,030), prior stroke history (p=0,009), and the worsening of structural carotid changes. A consistent association was also found between the accumulation of risk factors and the presence of carotid atherosclerotic changes. In health literacy, despite high recognition of the emergency number 112 (95,3%) and hypertension as a risk factor (94%), significant gaps were identified in recognizing diabetes mellitus (62,4%) and difficulties in the differential diagnosis between stroke and acute myocardial infarction. Participants aged 80 or older presented a higher vascular burden and lower levels of health literacy simultaneously. This study concluded that biological ageing and the accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors are intrinsically associated with the progressive worsening of carotid atherosclerotic disease and the significant variations in stroke-related health. These relationships were ifluenced by age, body mass index and the burden of comorbidities. Arterial hypertension stood out as the leading modifiable risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. The coexistence of a high vascular burden and lower literacy levels in the oldest age groups reinforces the need for integrated prevention strategies, early vascular screening, and targeted health education programs for the most vulnerable populations.
Abstract : Stroke remains one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide and is frequently preceded by the silent development of carotid atherosclerotic disease. The accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors plays a determinant role in the progression of vascular disease. Simultaneously, health literacy assumes particular relevance in stroke prevention and early recognition, as it directly influences timely access to treatment and functional outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of carotid atherosclerotic changes through Doppler ultrasonography, to analyze their association with sociodemographic and anthropometric variables, to examine the relationship between biological ageing, cardiovascular risk factors, and vascular damage. It also sought to characterize the level of stroke-related health literacy. The study protocol included the application of a sociodemographic, clinical and health literacy questionnaire, followed by carotid Doppler ultrassound to assess intima-media thickness, the presence of atherosclerotic plaques, and the degree of carotid stenosis. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Pearson´s Ci-square tests, with statistical significance established at p≤0,05, through Microsoft Office Excel and Statistical Product and Service Solution. A total of 84 participants were included, predominantly female (63,1%), distributed across different age groups, with a predominance of individuals aged 80 years or older. Arterial hypertension was the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor (47,1%), followed by hypercholesterolemia (42,4%) and diabetes mellitus (27,1%). Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed increased intima-media thickness in 58,3% of participants and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in 32,1%. A significant association was observed between aging and the increased prevalence of hypertension (p=0,003), diabetes mellitus (p=0,009), risk factor accumulation (p=0,030), prior stroke history (p=0,009), and the worsening of structural carotid changes. A consistent association was also found between the accumulation of risk factors and the presence of carotid atherosclerotic changes. In health literacy, despite high recognition of the emergency number 112 (95,3%) and hypertension as a risk factor (94%), significant gaps were identified in recognizing diabetes mellitus (62,4%) and difficulties in the differential diagnosis between stroke and acute myocardial infarction. Participants aged 80 or older presented a higher vascular burden and lower levels of health literacy simultaneously. This study concluded that biological ageing and the accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors are intrinsically associated with the progressive worsening of carotid atherosclerotic disease and the significant variations in stroke-related health. These relationships were ifluenced by age, body mass index and the burden of comorbidities. Arterial hypertension stood out as the leading modifiable risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. The coexistence of a high vascular burden and lower literacy levels in the oldest age groups reinforces the need for integrated prevention strategies, early vascular screening, and targeted health education programs for the most vulnerable populations.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
AVC isquémico, aterosclerose, fatores de risco, ultrassonografia, Cultura em saúde, Ischemic Stroke, Atherosclerosis, Risk factors, Ultrasonography, Health literacy
Citação
FERREIRA, Sofia Lopes (2026) - Rastreio da doença vascular carotídea na prevenção de AIT/AVC isquémico. Castelo Branco : IPCB. ESALD. Trabalho de projeto final de Fisiologia Clínica.