Avaliação do ciclo de vida: produção de energia a partir de resíduos florestais
Date
2025
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
IPCB. EST
Abstract
Este trabalho apresenta uma Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) da produção de eletricidade a partir de biomassa florestal residual de eucalipto em Portugal, aplicada a uma central termoelétrica dedicada com 12,89 MW de potência instalada, 37% de rendimento global e 8 592 horas de funcionamento anuais, resultando numa produção de 110.750.880 kWh/ano.Os resultados mostram que as emissões associadas à gestão florestal são reduzidas, situando-se em 11,65 kg CO₂ eq./odt com o harvester e 10,65 kg CO₂eq./odt com a feller-buncher, esta última apresentando ligeira vantagem operacional. foram avaliados três cenários distintos — S1, correspondente à
trituração da biomassa num parque secundário com corte por harvester e extração por forwarder; S2, com o mesmo processo, mas utilizando uma feller-buncher no corte; e S3, que envolve o transporte dos resíduos até um terminal onde ocorre a trituração, com corte por harvester e extração por camião. O cenário S3 registou o maior impacte (25,78 kg CO₂ eq./odt) devido às operações logísticas adicionais, enquanto S1 e S2 apresentaram valo. A conversão destacou-se como a etapa dominante. Foram quantificados 0,930 kg CO₂ eq./kWh, correspondendo a mais de 102 mil toneladas/ano. Quando expressa por unidade funcional comparável, a combustão de 1 odt gera cerca de 5 760 kWh e emite 5 363 kg CO₂ eq./odt. Contudo, estas emissões são biogénicas e, portanto, neutras em termos climáticos, ao contrário das emissões provenientes das operações mecanizadas, que resultam do uso de combustíveis fósseis e constituem emissões líquidas do sistema. De forma global, a análise confirma que a sustentabilidade da bioeletricidade depende menos da conversão e mais da eficiência das fases logísticas e do consumo de gasóleo nas operações. Assim, a otimização do transporte, a escolha adequada de equipamentos e a modernização tecnológica surgem como estratégias-chave para reduzir os impactes ambientais.
Abstract: This study presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of electricity production from residual eucalyptus forest biomass in Portugal, applied to a dedicated biomass power plant with an installed capacity of 12.89 MW, an overall efficiency of 37%, and 8,592 annual operating hours, resulting in an output of 110,750,880 kWh/year. The results show that emissions associated with forest management are relatively low, reaching 11.65 kg CO₂ eq./odt with the harvester and 10.65 kg CO₂ eq./odt with the feller-buncher, the latter presenting a slight operational advantage. Three distinct scenarios were evaluated — S1, corresponding to biomass chipping at a secondary yard with cutting performed by a harvester and extraction by a forwarder; S2, following the same process but using a feller-buncher for cutting; and S3, which involves transporting the residues too a terminal where chipping takes place, with cutting performed by a harvester and extraction by truck. Scenario S3 recorded the highest impact (25.78 kg CO₂ eq./odt) due to additional logistical operations, while S1 and S2 showed similar values. Energy conversion emerged as the dominant stage. Emissions were quantified at 0.930 kg CO₂ eq./kWh, corresponding to more than 102,000 tonnes/year. When expressed in comparable functional units, the combustion of 1 odt generates approximately 5,760 kWh and emits 5,363 kg CO₂ eq./odt. However, these emissions are biogenic and therefore considered climate-neutral, in contrast with emissions from mechanized operations, which result from the use of fossil fuels and represent the net emissions of the system.Overall, the analysis confirms that the sustainability of bioelectricity depends less on conversion and more on the efficiency of logistics and the diesel consumption of operations. Thus, transport optimization, appropriate equipment selection, and technological modernization emerge as key strategies to reduce environmental impacts.
Abstract: This study presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of electricity production from residual eucalyptus forest biomass in Portugal, applied to a dedicated biomass power plant with an installed capacity of 12.89 MW, an overall efficiency of 37%, and 8,592 annual operating hours, resulting in an output of 110,750,880 kWh/year. The results show that emissions associated with forest management are relatively low, reaching 11.65 kg CO₂ eq./odt with the harvester and 10.65 kg CO₂ eq./odt with the feller-buncher, the latter presenting a slight operational advantage. Three distinct scenarios were evaluated — S1, corresponding to biomass chipping at a secondary yard with cutting performed by a harvester and extraction by a forwarder; S2, following the same process but using a feller-buncher for cutting; and S3, which involves transporting the residues too a terminal where chipping takes place, with cutting performed by a harvester and extraction by truck. Scenario S3 recorded the highest impact (25.78 kg CO₂ eq./odt) due to additional logistical operations, while S1 and S2 showed similar values. Energy conversion emerged as the dominant stage. Emissions were quantified at 0.930 kg CO₂ eq./kWh, corresponding to more than 102,000 tonnes/year. When expressed in comparable functional units, the combustion of 1 odt generates approximately 5,760 kWh and emits 5,363 kg CO₂ eq./odt. However, these emissions are biogenic and therefore considered climate-neutral, in contrast with emissions from mechanized operations, which result from the use of fossil fuels and represent the net emissions of the system.Overall, the analysis confirms that the sustainability of bioelectricity depends less on conversion and more on the efficiency of logistics and the diesel consumption of operations. Thus, transport optimization, appropriate equipment selection, and technological modernization emerge as key strategies to reduce environmental impacts.
Description
Keywords
ACV, Biomassa, Energia renovável, GEE, Resíduos de eucalipto, Biomass, Eucalyptus residues, LCA, Renewable energy
Citation
CARVALHO, Natalícia Satos (2025) - Avaliação do ciclo de vida: produção de energia a partir de resíduos florestais. Castelo Branco : IPCB. ETS. Trabalho de Projeto de Engenharia das Energias Renováveis.