Educação para a prevenção da gravidez na adolescência: estratégias eficazes e desafios atuais
Date
2025
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
IPCB. ESALD
Abstract
A gravidez na adolescência representa um desafio de saúde pública global, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento, onde fatores socioculturais e económicos contribuem significativamente para a sua prevalência. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar estratégias eficazes na prevenção da gravidez na adolescência, identificando os principais desafios enfrentados, com especial destaque para o papel do enfermeiro e das políticas educativas e de saúde pública.
Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, de abordagem qualitativa e caráter descritivo, baseada em artigos científicos publicados entre 2015 e 2025 nas bases LILACS, SciELO e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), com o uso da estratégia PICO. Foram incluídos estudos em língua portuguesa e espanhola que abordassem a assistência do enfermeiro no pré-natal de adolescentes grávidas.
Os resultados indicam que a gravidez precoce está fortemente associada a múltiplos fatores de risco, como o início precoce da vida sexual, baixa escolaridade, desinformação sobre contraceção, violência de género, contexto familiar desestruturado e ausência de programas eficazes de educação sexual. As adolescentes apresentam maior propensão a complicações obstétricas, como anemia, hipertensão gestacional, infeções urinárias, restrição do crescimento intrauterino e depressão perinatal, além de prejuízos sociais como evasão escolar, exclusão social e dependência económica.
O trabalho destaca a importância da atuação do enfermeiro como educador em saúde, especialmente em contextos escolares e comunitários. Modelos de promoção da saúde, como o de Nola Pender, demonstram eficácia na intervenção com adolescentes, estimulando comportamentos de autocuidado, uso de contracetivos e decisões conscientes sobre sexualidade. A educação sexual nas escolas, bem estruturada e adaptada ao desenvolvimento dos jovens, mostrou reduzir taxas de gravidez e DST.
Em termos comparativos, países como Portugal, com políticas de acesso gratuito a contracetivos e programas escolares de educação sexual, têm apresentado reduções significativas nos índices de gravidez adolescente. Contudo, persistem desafios, como a resistência cultural e a necessidade de mais formação para profissionais de saúde.
Conclui-se que a prevenção da gravidez na adolescência exige uma abordagem multidimensional que envolva família, escola, serviços de saúde e políticas públicas. O enfermeiro, como agente de mudança, desempenha um papel crucial na educação, aconselhamento e apoio às adolescentes, promovendo a sua saúde sexual, emocional e social.
Abstract : Adolescent pregnancy represents a global public health challenge, especially in developing countries, where sociocultural and economic factors significantly contribute to its prevalence. This study aims to analyze effective strategies for preventing adolescent pregnancy, identifying the main challenges faced, with particular emphasis on the role of nurses and on educational and public health policies. This is a bibliographic research study with a qualitative and descriptive approach, based on scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 in the LILACS, SciELO, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases, using the PICO strategy. Studies in Portuguese and Spanish that addressed nursing care in the prenatal period of pregnant adolescents were included. The results indicate that early pregnancy is strongly associated with multiple risk factors, such as early sexual initiation, low educational attainment, lack of information about contraception, gender-based violence, dysfunctional family environments, and the absence of effective sexual education programs. Adolescents are more prone to obstetric complications such as anemia, gestational hypertension, urinary tract infections, intrauterine growth restriction, and perinatal depression, in addition to social consequences such as school dropout, social exclusion, and economic dependence. The study highlights the importance of the nurse's role as a health educator, especially in school and community settings. Health promotion models, such as Nola Pender's, have proven effective in interventions with adolescents, encouraging self-care behaviors, contraceptive use, and informed decision-making about sexuality. Well-structured sexual education in schools, adapted to youth development, has shown to reduce pregnancy and STI rates. In comparative terms, countries like Portugal, with policies ensuring free access to contraceptives and school-based sexual education programs, have shown significant reductions in adolescent pregnancy rates. However, challenges remain, such as cultural resistance and the need for more training for healthcare professionals. It is concluded that preventing adolescent pregnancy requires a multidimensional approach involving families, schools, health services, and public policies. Nurses, as agents of change, play a crucial role in educating, counseling, and supporting adolescents, promoting their sexual, emotional, and social health.
Abstract : Adolescent pregnancy represents a global public health challenge, especially in developing countries, where sociocultural and economic factors significantly contribute to its prevalence. This study aims to analyze effective strategies for preventing adolescent pregnancy, identifying the main challenges faced, with particular emphasis on the role of nurses and on educational and public health policies. This is a bibliographic research study with a qualitative and descriptive approach, based on scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 in the LILACS, SciELO, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases, using the PICO strategy. Studies in Portuguese and Spanish that addressed nursing care in the prenatal period of pregnant adolescents were included. The results indicate that early pregnancy is strongly associated with multiple risk factors, such as early sexual initiation, low educational attainment, lack of information about contraception, gender-based violence, dysfunctional family environments, and the absence of effective sexual education programs. Adolescents are more prone to obstetric complications such as anemia, gestational hypertension, urinary tract infections, intrauterine growth restriction, and perinatal depression, in addition to social consequences such as school dropout, social exclusion, and economic dependence. The study highlights the importance of the nurse's role as a health educator, especially in school and community settings. Health promotion models, such as Nola Pender's, have proven effective in interventions with adolescents, encouraging self-care behaviors, contraceptive use, and informed decision-making about sexuality. Well-structured sexual education in schools, adapted to youth development, has shown to reduce pregnancy and STI rates. In comparative terms, countries like Portugal, with policies ensuring free access to contraceptives and school-based sexual education programs, have shown significant reductions in adolescent pregnancy rates. However, challenges remain, such as cultural resistance and the need for more training for healthcare professionals. It is concluded that preventing adolescent pregnancy requires a multidimensional approach involving families, schools, health services, and public policies. Nurses, as agents of change, play a crucial role in educating, counseling, and supporting adolescents, promoting their sexual, emotional, and social health.
Description
Keywords
Gravidez na adolescência, Aborto na adolescência, Gravidez, IVG, Enfermeiro na prevenção da gravidez, Prevenção da gravidez na adolescência, Teenage pregnancy, Teenage abortion, Pregnancy, Voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP), Nurse in pregnancy prevention, Teenage pregnancy prevention
Citation
DIOGO, Hugo Alexandre Matos ; MOREIRA, Tatiana Prata Silva (2025) - Educação para a prevenção da gravidez na adolescência : estratégias eficazes e desafios atuais. Castelo Branco: IPCB. ESALD. Trabalho de projeto de Enfermagem.