Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em atletas de diferentes modalidades desportivas
Date
2025
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
IPCB. ESALD
Abstract
Introdução: O futsal é um desporto dinâmico, composto por alta intensidade intermitente. Já o ténis é caracterizado por movimentos explosivos e grande rapidez na execução motora, com a condição física a desempenhar um papel determinante. Segundo a Federação Portuguesa de Atletismo, “o atletismo é a modalidade mais antiga do mundo”, sendo uma modalidade de carácter individual e coletivo. A análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca é a medição das oscilações temporais entre sucessivos batimentos cardíacos que podem ser visualizados no eletrocardiograma.
Objetivo: Verificar se existem diferenças na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em atletas praticantes de atletismo, futsal e ténis e ainda entre sexos em atletas praticantes de futsal.
Metodologia: Estudo prospetivo, quantitativo e observacional com amostragem por conveniência. A metodologia inclui um questionário que recolheu os dados antropométricos, informações sobre a prática desportiva e histórico pessoal, assim como a realização de uma tira de ritmo eletrocardiográfica em repouso e uma tira de ritmo com influência da respiração, condicionada por 16 ciclos respiratórios, avaliadas em dois momentos distintos, a pré-época e pico de época. Desta forma procede-se à análise simbólica da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca entre os grupos.
Resultados: A amostra é constituída por 123 atletas, dos quais 92 são do sexo masculino e 31 são do sexo feminino. Os participantes apresentam uma idade média de 27,02 ± 10,4 anos e um índice de massa corporal médio de 22,9 ± 3,2 kg/m2. Foram verificadas alterações entre os períodos avaliados (pré e pico de época). A modalidade atletismo apresenta menor frequência cardíaca que as restantes modalidades na pré-época (Atletismo: 72±20 bpm vs Futsal: 75±16 bpm vs Ténis 74±15 bpm, p=0,687) e pico (Atletismo: 59±12 bpm vs Futsal: 66±12 bpm vs Ténis 68±12 bpm, p=0,010). Todas as modalidades mostraram redução na frequência cardíaca da pré-época para o pico (p=0,0001). Na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, houve também diferença entre épocas (p=0,0001), o futsal apresentou maior variabilidade da frequência cardíaca na pré-época (8,9±4 bpm, p=0,310), mas no pico de época o atletismo apresentou maior valor (13,23±10 bpm, p=0,221), comparados com as outras modalidades (pré-época: Atletismo: 8,3±5,4 bpm vs Ténis: 7,5±3,7 bpm ; pico: Futsal: 10,45±7,4 bpm vs Ténis: 9,65±6,6 bpm). No futsal, os atletas masculinos apresentam menor frequência cardíaca que as femininas na pré-época (75±16 vs 85±14 bpm, p=0,013) e pico de época (66±12 bpm vs 73±11 bpm, p=0,043). Ambos mostraram redução na frequência cardíaca da pré-época para o pico (p=0,0001). Na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, não houve diferença entre épocas (p=0,288), mas os homens apresentam maior variabilidade da frequência cardíaca na pré-época (8,9±4 bpm vs 8,1±3,4 bpm, p=0,433) e pico (10,5±7,4 bpm vs 8,9±4,8 bpm, p=0,270).
Conclusão: A prática desportiva promove adaptações cardiovasculares em todas as modalidades estudadas, demonstradas pela redução da frequência cardíaca e aumento da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca entre pré-época e pico de época, estatisticamente significativo. Entre sexos no futsal, verificaram-se as mesmas adaptações com a frequência cardíaca, havendo diferença estatisticamente significativa e embora os homens apresentem tendência para maior variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas neste parâmetro.
Abstract: Introduction: Futsal is a dynamic sport, characterized by its high-intensity intermittent nature. Tennis is defined by explosive movements and rapid motor execution, with physical condition playing a decisive role. According to the Federação Portuguesa de Atletismo, “athletics is the oldest sport in the world”, being an individual and collective sport. The analysis of heart rate variability consists of measuring the temporal oscillations between successive heartbeats, which can be visualized in an electrocardiogram. Objectives: To verify whether there are differences in heart rate variability among athletes practicing athletics, futsal and tennis, and between sexes in futsal athletes. Methodology: A prospective, quantitative and observational study with convenience sampling. The methodology included a questionnaire that collected anthropometric data, information on sports practice and personal history, as well as the recording of a resting electrocardiographic rhythm strip and another influenced by breathing, conditioned by 16 respiratory cycles, evaluated at two moments: pre-season and peak season. This allowed for a symbolic analysis of heart rate variability among the groups. Results: The sample consists in 123 athletes of whom 92 are male and 31 are female. Participants have an average age of de 27,02 ± 10,4 years and the mean body mass index of 22,9 ± 3,2 kg/m2. Differences were observed between the evaluated periods. Athletic showed a lower heart rate than the other sports in both pre-season (Athletics: 72±20 bpm vs Futsal: 75±16 bpm vs Tennis 74±15 bpm, p=0,687) and peak season (Athletics: 59±12 bpm vs Futsal: 66±12 bpm vs Tennis: 68±12 bpm, p= 0,010). All sports showed a reduction in heart rate from pre-season to peak season (p=0,0001). Regarding heart rate variability, there were also differences between periods (p=0,0001), with futsal showing higher variability in pre-season (8,9±4 bpm, p=0,310), but in the peak athletics presented the highest value (13,23±10 bpm, p=0,221), compared to the other sports (pre-season: Athletics: 8,3±5,4 bpm vs Tennis: 7,5±3,7 bpm) ; peak: Futsal: 10,45±7,4 bpm vs Tennis: 9,65±6,6 bpm). In futsal, male athletes had a lower heart rate than females in both pre-season (75±16 vs 85±14 bpm, p=0,013) and peak season (66±12 bpm vs 73±11 bpm, p=0,043). Both showed a reduction in heart rate from pre-season to peak season (p=0,0001). Regarding heart rate variability, no differences were found between periods (p=0,288), but men presented higher heart rate variability in pre-season (8,9±4 bpm vs 8,1±3,4 bpm, p=0,433) and peak (10,5±7,4 bpm vs 8,9±4,8 bpm, p=0,270). Conclusion: Sports practice promotes cardiovascular adaptations in all modalities, demonstrated by reduction in heart rate and increase in heart rate variability between pre-season and peak season, with statistical significance. In futsal, the same adaptations were observed, with heart rate showing statistical significance. Although male athletes showed tendency for greater heart rate variability, no statistically significant differences were found between sexes in this parameter.
Abstract: Introduction: Futsal is a dynamic sport, characterized by its high-intensity intermittent nature. Tennis is defined by explosive movements and rapid motor execution, with physical condition playing a decisive role. According to the Federação Portuguesa de Atletismo, “athletics is the oldest sport in the world”, being an individual and collective sport. The analysis of heart rate variability consists of measuring the temporal oscillations between successive heartbeats, which can be visualized in an electrocardiogram. Objectives: To verify whether there are differences in heart rate variability among athletes practicing athletics, futsal and tennis, and between sexes in futsal athletes. Methodology: A prospective, quantitative and observational study with convenience sampling. The methodology included a questionnaire that collected anthropometric data, information on sports practice and personal history, as well as the recording of a resting electrocardiographic rhythm strip and another influenced by breathing, conditioned by 16 respiratory cycles, evaluated at two moments: pre-season and peak season. This allowed for a symbolic analysis of heart rate variability among the groups. Results: The sample consists in 123 athletes of whom 92 are male and 31 are female. Participants have an average age of de 27,02 ± 10,4 years and the mean body mass index of 22,9 ± 3,2 kg/m2. Differences were observed between the evaluated periods. Athletic showed a lower heart rate than the other sports in both pre-season (Athletics: 72±20 bpm vs Futsal: 75±16 bpm vs Tennis 74±15 bpm, p=0,687) and peak season (Athletics: 59±12 bpm vs Futsal: 66±12 bpm vs Tennis: 68±12 bpm, p= 0,010). All sports showed a reduction in heart rate from pre-season to peak season (p=0,0001). Regarding heart rate variability, there were also differences between periods (p=0,0001), with futsal showing higher variability in pre-season (8,9±4 bpm, p=0,310), but in the peak athletics presented the highest value (13,23±10 bpm, p=0,221), compared to the other sports (pre-season: Athletics: 8,3±5,4 bpm vs Tennis: 7,5±3,7 bpm) ; peak: Futsal: 10,45±7,4 bpm vs Tennis: 9,65±6,6 bpm). In futsal, male athletes had a lower heart rate than females in both pre-season (75±16 vs 85±14 bpm, p=0,013) and peak season (66±12 bpm vs 73±11 bpm, p=0,043). Both showed a reduction in heart rate from pre-season to peak season (p=0,0001). Regarding heart rate variability, no differences were found between periods (p=0,288), but men presented higher heart rate variability in pre-season (8,9±4 bpm vs 8,1±3,4 bpm, p=0,433) and peak (10,5±7,4 bpm vs 8,9±4,8 bpm, p=0,270). Conclusion: Sports practice promotes cardiovascular adaptations in all modalities, demonstrated by reduction in heart rate and increase in heart rate variability between pre-season and peak season, with statistical significance. In futsal, the same adaptations were observed, with heart rate showing statistical significance. Although male athletes showed tendency for greater heart rate variability, no statistically significant differences were found between sexes in this parameter.
Description
Keywords
Eletrocardiografia, Atletas, Frequência cardíaca, Desportos, Electrocardiography, Athletes, Heart rate, Sports
Citation
BATISTA, Filipa Inês Correia (2025) - Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em atletas de diferentes modalidades desportivas. Castelo Branco : IPCB. ESALD. Trabalho de projeto de Fisiologia Clínica.