O papel da medicina nuclear na avaliação de doenças autoimunes: aplicações clínicas e desafios revisão sistemática da literatura
Date
2025
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
IPCB. ESALD
Abstract
Introdução: As doenças autoimunes apresentam desafios diagnósticos e terapêuticos significativos devido à sua natureza crónica e inflamatória. A Medicina Nuclear, especialmente com técnicas como a PET (Positron Emission Tomography) e a SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), surge como uma ferramenta promissora para detetar precocemente processos inflamatórios e monitorizar a resposta terapêutica, contribuindo para decisões clínicas mais eficazes e personalizadas. Objetivo: Este trabalho pretende avaliar o papel da Medicina Nuclear no diagnóstico e monitorização das doenças autoimunes, analisando a sensibilidade, especificidade e aplicabilidade clínica de diferentes radiofármacos. Dá-se especial ênfase à PET/CT com ¹⁸F-FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose labeled with Fluorine-18 (Fluorodesoxiglicose marcada com Flúor-18)) e a radiofármacos emergentes, como o FAPI (Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitors (Inibidores da Proteína de Ativação dos Fibroblastos)) e o ⁶⁸Ga DOTATATE (Tyr3-octreotate or TATE labeled with Gallium-68 (Octreotato de Tirosina 3 marcado com Gálio 68)), abordando igualmente a utilidade da SPECT em contextos clínicos específicos, como na inflamação articular, envolvimento neurológico e patologias gastrointestinais inflamatórias. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura com pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed, b-on, ScienceDirect e utilizado o motor de busca Google Scholar. Utilizou-se a seguinte lógica booleana: “Nuclear Medicine AND Autoimmune Diseases”, “PET AND SPECT AND Autoimmune Diseases”, entre outras. A pesquisa resultou em 48 fontes bibliográficas relevantes. Os critérios de inclusão abrangeram artigos publicados entre 2013 e 2025, em inglês, revistos por pares, que abordassem a aplicação clínica da PET e/ou SPECT em doenças autoimunes. Foram excluídos estudos com dados clínicos insuficientes, estudos exclusivamente pré-clínicos e artigos sobre outras patologias. Resultados: A PET/CT (Positron emission tomography–computed tomography (Tomografia por Emissão de Positrões combinada com Tomografia Computorizada)) com ¹⁸F-FDG demonstrou elevada sensibilidade (80–90%) e especificidade (75–85%) na deteção de inflamação ativa, sendo útil na identificação precoce de alterações inflamatórias e na avaliação da resposta terapêutica. A PET/CT com radiofármaco FAPI apresentou sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 93,1%, superando técnicas convencionais. A SPECT com radiofármacos como o ⁹⁹ᵐTc-HMPAO (Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime labeled with Technetium-99m (Hexametilenopropilenamina oxima marcada com Tecnécio-99m)) revelou-se útil em contextos com recursos limitados, apesar da menor resolução. Em doenças como o lúpus eritematoso sistémico e a esclerose múltipla, a PET cerebral detetou alterações metabólicas associadas a sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, mesmo com ressonância magnética normal. Persistem desafios como a baixa especificidade do ¹⁸F-FDG, interferência terapêutica, custos elevados e limitações no acesso à tecnologia. VI Conclusão: A Medicina Nuclear, em especial através da PET/CT, tem impacto significativo na gestão das doenças autoimunes, melhorando o diagnóstico precoce, a monitorização da atividade inflamatória e a resposta terapêutica. A PET/CT com FAPI mostrou-se promissora, com superior desempenho diagnóstico. A SPECT continua útil em ambientes com menos recursos. A PET cerebral demonstrou aplicabilidade em manifestações neuropsiquiátricas. Apesar dos avanços, são necessários mais estudos multicêntricos e padronizados para consolidar a sua utilização na prática clínica.
Abstract: Introduction: Autoimmune diseases present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their chronic and inflammatory nature. Nuclear Medicine, especially with techniques such as PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), emerges as a promising tool for the early detection of inflammatory processes and for monitoring therapeutic response, contributing to more effective and personalized clinical decisions. Objective: This work aims to assess the role of Nuclear Medicine in the diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune diseases by analyzing the sensitivity, specificity, and clinical applicability of different radiopharmaceuticals. Special emphasis is given to PET/CT with ¹⁸F-FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose labeled with Fluorine-18) and emerging radiopharmaceuticals such as FAPI (Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitors) and ⁶⁸Ga DOTATATE (Tyr3-octreotate labeled with Gallium-68), also addressing the utility of SPECT in specific clinical contexts, such as joint inflammation, neurological involvement, and inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed, b-on, and ScienceDirect databases, along with the Google Scholar search engine. The following Boolean logic was applied: “Nuclear Medicine AND Autoimmune Diseases”, “PET AND SPECT AND Autoimmune Diseases”, among others. The search resulted in 48 relevant bibliographic sources. Inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2025 in English, focusing on the clinical application of PET and/or SPECT in autoimmune diseases. Studies with insufficient clinical data, exclusively preclinical studies, and articles on other pathologies were excluded. Results: PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography combined with Computed Tomography) with ¹⁸F-FDG showed high sensitivity (80–90%) and specificity (75 85%) in detecting active inflammation, being useful for early identification of inflammatory changes and assessment of therapeutic response. PET/CT using FAPI demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 93.1%, outperforming conventional techniques. SPECT with radiopharmaceuticals such as ⁹⁹ᵐTc-HMPAO (Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime labeled with Technetium-99m) proved useful in low-resource settings despite its lower resolution. In diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis, cerebral PET detected metabolic alterations associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms even when MRI results were normal. Challenges remain, including the low specificity of ¹⁸F-FDG, therapeutic interference, high costs, and limited access to technology. Conclusion: Nuclear Medicine, particularly PET/CT, has a significant impact on the management of autoimmune diseases by improving early diagnosis, monitoring inflammatory activity, and assessing therapeutic response. PET/CT with FAPI has shown promise, with superior diagnostic performance. SPECT remains useful in resource-limited settings. Cerebral PET demonstrated applicability in VIII neuropsychiatric manifestations. Despite advancements, more standardized, multicenter studies are needed to consolidate its clinical use.
Abstract: Introduction: Autoimmune diseases present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their chronic and inflammatory nature. Nuclear Medicine, especially with techniques such as PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), emerges as a promising tool for the early detection of inflammatory processes and for monitoring therapeutic response, contributing to more effective and personalized clinical decisions. Objective: This work aims to assess the role of Nuclear Medicine in the diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune diseases by analyzing the sensitivity, specificity, and clinical applicability of different radiopharmaceuticals. Special emphasis is given to PET/CT with ¹⁸F-FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose labeled with Fluorine-18) and emerging radiopharmaceuticals such as FAPI (Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitors) and ⁶⁸Ga DOTATATE (Tyr3-octreotate labeled with Gallium-68), also addressing the utility of SPECT in specific clinical contexts, such as joint inflammation, neurological involvement, and inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed, b-on, and ScienceDirect databases, along with the Google Scholar search engine. The following Boolean logic was applied: “Nuclear Medicine AND Autoimmune Diseases”, “PET AND SPECT AND Autoimmune Diseases”, among others. The search resulted in 48 relevant bibliographic sources. Inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2025 in English, focusing on the clinical application of PET and/or SPECT in autoimmune diseases. Studies with insufficient clinical data, exclusively preclinical studies, and articles on other pathologies were excluded. Results: PET/CT (Positron Emission Tomography combined with Computed Tomography) with ¹⁸F-FDG showed high sensitivity (80–90%) and specificity (75 85%) in detecting active inflammation, being useful for early identification of inflammatory changes and assessment of therapeutic response. PET/CT using FAPI demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 93.1%, outperforming conventional techniques. SPECT with radiopharmaceuticals such as ⁹⁹ᵐTc-HMPAO (Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime labeled with Technetium-99m) proved useful in low-resource settings despite its lower resolution. In diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis, cerebral PET detected metabolic alterations associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms even when MRI results were normal. Challenges remain, including the low specificity of ¹⁸F-FDG, therapeutic interference, high costs, and limited access to technology. Conclusion: Nuclear Medicine, particularly PET/CT, has a significant impact on the management of autoimmune diseases by improving early diagnosis, monitoring inflammatory activity, and assessing therapeutic response. PET/CT with FAPI has shown promise, with superior diagnostic performance. SPECT remains useful in resource-limited settings. Cerebral PET demonstrated applicability in VIII neuropsychiatric manifestations. Despite advancements, more standardized, multicenter studies are needed to consolidate its clinical use.
Description
Keywords
Medicina nuclear, Doenças autoimunes, PET-CT, SPECT, Nuclear medicine, Autoimmune diseases
Citation
NEVES, Catarina Alexandra Mateus (2025) - O papel da medicina nuclear na avaliação de doenças autoimunes: aplicações clínicas e desafios revisão sistemática da literatura. Castelo Branco : IPCB. ESALD. Trabalho de projeto de Imagem Médica e Radioterapia.